ABSTRACT
Suanzaoren Tang， as documented in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber （《金匮要略》），consists of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen， Poria， Anemarrhenae Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and is indicated for dysphoria， consumptive disease， and insomnia. In modern clinical practice，in addition to sleep disorders，Suanzaoren Tang and its modified formulas can also be used to treat anxiety disorders， as well as insomnia，cardiac intervention，myocardial infarction， and other diseases combined with anxiety. It is also used in combination with other Chinese medicinal formulas （such as Zhizichi Tang，Ganmai Dazaotang，Baihe Zhimu Dihuangtang，and Jinlingzi San），western medicines （such as paroxetine，zopiclone，enalapril，amlodipine，metformin，and sertraline hydrochloride）， acupuncture， and acupoint application to treat anxiety， as well as cardiovascular neurosis，cancer，hypertension，type 2 diabetes， and other diseases combined with anxiety. As revealed by clinical treatment results， Suanzaoren Tang and its modified formulas can significantly reduce anxiety scores such as Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale（HAMA） and Self-rating Anxiety Scale（SAS），and improve anxiety symptoms with significant efficacy and few side effects. As reported by experimental pharmacological studies， Suanzaoren Tang can regulate the content of neurotransmitters such as dopamine（DA），homovanillic acid（HVA），γ-aminobutyric acid（GABA），noradrenaline （NE），5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid （5-HIAA），glutamic acid（Glu），β-endorphin（β-EP），5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT）， and nitric oxide （NO）in the brain， and mediate immune function by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β（IL-1β）and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α），enhancing the proliferation of B lymphocytes，phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages， and down-regulating the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Besides， it can also regulate the endocrine level to allow the homeostasis of nervous system， endocrine system， and immune system by increasing adrenocorticotropic hormone（ACTH）and corticosterone（CORT）levels and up-regulating glucocorticoid receptor（GR）expression， finally achieving the effect of anxiety prevention and treatment. The present study systematically reviewed the clinical and basic research progress on the prevention and treatment of anxiety with Suanzaoren Tang to provide references for the research on the mechanism and material basis of Suanzaoren Tang and the development of new drugs for anxiety.
ABSTRACT
Tenuifolin， a main component in Polygalae Radix， is frequently used as an important indicator for quality control of Polygalae Radix and its processed products. Dementia is a serious and persistent cognitive disorder， and the number of dementia patients is increasing worldwide， which brings great economic burden and mental pressure to families and society. At present， cholinesterase inhibitor and other drugs can only alleviate the symptoms of dementia， and there are some toxic and side effects. It has been found that tenuifolin can significantly improve cognitive disorder， learning and memory and is expected to be a potential drug for treating dementia. Tenuifolin exerts protective effects on amyloid-β （Aβ） deposition， acetylcholine reduction， neuroinflammation， cellular oxidative damage and nerve cell apoptosis caused by neurodegenerative diseases via multiple mechanisms， and can be applied to various types of dementia. In addition， it can be quickly absorbed into the blood， mainly distributed in liver and kidney， and can enter into the brain through the blood-brain barrier. However， because of its large molecular mass and poor fat solubility， tenuifolin can be rapidly eliminated， generating some problems such as low oral absoBrbability and permeability of blood-brain barrier. Therefore， the information of chemistry， pharmacology， pharmacokinetics and toxicology of tenuifolin was summarized in this paper to provide reference and ideas for further research and application.
ABSTRACT
The Chinese herbal medicines contained in Guipitang （GPT） were retrieved in the databases， including traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform （TCMSP）， encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine （ETCM）， bioinformatics analysis tool for molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine （BATMAN-TCM）， and database for associated traditional Chinese medicine， gene， and disease information using text mining （TCMGeneDIT）， and the compounds and their potential targets were obtained. Disease enrichment analysis on the potential targets of GPT was carried out to obtain the diseases potentially treated by GPT using MetaCore. Disease enrichment results showed that the potential diseases treated by GPT included encephalopathy， gastrointestinal diseases， nutritional/metabolic diseases， tumors/cancers， cardiovascular system diseases， endocrine system diseases， immune system diseases， drug-related side effects/adverse reactions， and congenital/hereditary diseases. On these grounds， the diseases treated by GPT were reviewed. The results of the previous research on diseases treated by GPT were consistent with analysis results of network pharmacology. The modern applications of GPT clinically went beyond its original indications， but its applications were based on the clinical manifestation of qi and blood deficiency in the heart and spleen， presenting the characteristic of "same treatment for different diseases". This study is expected to provide a reference for the further research and development of GPT.
ABSTRACT
Liu-Wei-Di-Huang (LW) is a Yin nourishing and kidney tonifying prescription in traditional Chinese medicine with promising pharmacological characteristics that can be further exploited and developed in modern medicine. We provide a comprehensive and detailed literature report on the clinical and experimental pharmacology of LW, including its quality control parameters, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Our literature review indicates that the LW prescription possesses a unique combination of pharmacological characteristics that can be safely used for treating very different diseases. Quality control and pharmacokinetic parameters of LW are mostly based on its major bioactive phytochemical constituents. We postulate that modulating or rebalancing the neuroendocrine immunomodulation network in the body is the underlying mechanism of the multiple pharmacological activities displayed by LW.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Kidney , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Neuroimmunomodulation , Phytochemicals , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Quality Control , Yin Deficiency , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To construct the neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) sub-network regulated by Liuwei Dihuang decoction (LW) and analyze its characteristics. METHODS We took the GSE57273 in GEO database and screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs)(P<0.01) by the GEO2R tool as gene expression signature of LW. The global PPI network was constructed in the context of whole PPI network through direct interaction algorithm and forest algorithm respectively.Then the enrichment and the topological characteristics of NIM signaling molecules were evaluated by permutation test. Finally, we abstracted the NIM sub-network by NIMNT, which combined the NIM molecular network and forest algorithm, and analyzed the topological characteristics of it by the Network Analyzer(release 2.7)plugin in Cytoscape v3.5.1.RESULTS We got 2468 DEGs in the gene expression signature of LW.After analyzing the global PPI network of LW got by two kinds of algorithms,we found that the NIM signaling molecules significantly enriched and located in important positions in the global PPI network. The NIM sub-network regulated by LW contained 1099 nodes and 1056 edges. We screened out 22 hub nodes (Degree>10). Among them, there were 19 NIM signaling molecules in which only ESR1 changed significantly and 3 non-DEGs(NFATC2,RARA,TP53).However,the down-stream of the hub nodes were significantly changes. CONCLUSION The results suggested that LW might mainly regulate the non-hub nodes to recovery of the network imbalance of the body in the state of disease.
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OBJECTIVE Alzheimer disease(AD),the most common cause of dementia among older people, could not be prevented, halted, or reversed up till now. A large body of pharmacological study has revealed that Liuwei Dihuang (LW) possesses potential therapeutic effects on AD. LW-AFC is key fractions from LW.In the present study,we investigated the effect of LW-AFC on AD mouse models. METHODS PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9(APP/PS1) mice and senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain (SAMP8), classic AD animal models, were employed. After the treatment of LW-AFC, mice were cognitively evaluated in behavioral experiments. Neuron loss, amyloid-β (Αβ) deposition, and Αβ level were analyzed using Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, and an AlphaLISA assay, respectively. Multiplex bead analysis, a radioimmunoassay, immunochemiluminometry, and an ELISA were used to measure cytokine and hormone levels.Lymphocyte subsets were detected using fl ow cytometry. RESULTS LW-AFC ameliorated the cognitive impairment observed in APP/PS1and SAMP8 mice,including the impairment of object recognition memory,spatial learning and memory,and active and passive avoidance. In addition, LW-AFC alleviated the neuron loss in the hippocampus, suppressed amyloid-β(Αβ)deposition in the brain,and reduced the concentration of Aβ1-42in the hippo-campus and plasma of APP/PS1 mice. LW-AFC treatment also significantly restored the imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes,corrected the disorder of lymphocyte subsets,and regulated the abnormal production of cytokine in APP/PS1 and SAMP8 mice. Effects of LW-AFC on pharmacodynamics and neuroendocrine immunomodulation network in APP/PS1 and SAMP8 mice were better than meman-tine and donepezil. CONCLUSION LW-AFC ameliorated the behavioral and pathological deterioration of AD mouse models via the restoration of the NIM network, which supports the use of LW-AFC as a potential agent for AD therapy.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanisms of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction (LW)on cognition in PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9(APP/PS1)transgenic mice.METHODS LW was adminis-trated with oral for 3 months.The locomotor activity test was performed to investigate the spontaneous motor activity of mice. The Morris water maze test and shuttle box test were performed to investigate the spatial learning and memory and active avoidance response respectively.The Αβ deposits and neuron loss in the hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence staining and nissl staining respectively. The flow cytometry was employed to investigate the lymphocyte subsets of the mice.The 3H-thymidine incorporation was performed to investigate the splenocytes proliferation. RESULTS The treatment of LW ameliorated the impairments of spatial learning and memory and active and passive avoidance in APP/PS1 mice. The administration of LW alleviated neuron loss in the brain, suppressed amyloid-β (Αβ) deposits in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. The treatment of LW significantly increased ConA-and LPS-induced proliferation of splenocytes,increased CD3+T cells and CD19+B cells in the spleen lymphocytes and reduced Gr1+cells in APP/PS1 mice.CONCLUSION This data indicated the adminis-tration of LW ameliorated behavioral and pathological deterioration via regulating immune function.
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Alzheimer disease (AD) is classic neurodegenerative disorders and main cause inducing dementia.The pathogenic mechanistic of AD is not yet well understood,there is no effective therapeutic target and drugs in clinical only ameliorate symptom for short term.So far,there is no success of diseasemodifying drug developed based on main pathogenesis.Facing to all these unsuccessful efforts to develop a disease-modifying treatment for AD,we have to re-examine our philosophy and strategies of drug discovery,and rethink the insights on the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.This paper reviews current situation of anti-AD drug and give some analysis,thinking and future about direction,progress and challenge of research and development.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the scientific therapeutics derived from the traditional Chinese physician's considerable clinical practice during the long history, with the characteristic of significant clinical therapeutic effects. The therapeutic philosophy of TCM is integrative medicine and pattern differentiation. The ideas of systems biology on the study of TCM were formed after the micro-and macro-outcome of systems biology being used into the practice of study on TCM. It is very important for the inheritance and development of TCM to disclose the basic mechanism of the clinical therapeutic effects of TCM and find new drugs, from the herbal preparation, pharmacology and pharmacokinetic to drug development using modern science technologies based on the theory of TCM.
Subject(s)
Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Methods , Systems Biology , MethodsABSTRACT
Acupuncture is a medical technique with national and cultural characteristics in traditional Chinese medicine with a less adverse reaction and obvious therapeutic effect. Modern medical theoretical basis about acupuncture treating many diseases is preliminarily discovered accompanying with the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. This paper reviewed advances of the studies on the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment, and acupuncture treating pain, nausea and vomiting, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases and so on in recent years abroad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Analgesia , Acupuncture Therapy , Alzheimer Disease , Therapeutics , Cardiovascular Diseases , Therapeutics , Moxibustion , Nausea , Therapeutics , Parkinson Disease , Therapeutics , Vomiting , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Alzheimer' s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. AD is an invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment. Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is a model for studying age-related cognitive impairments and also is a good model to study brain aging and one of mouse model of AD. The technique of cDNA microarray can monitor the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously and can be used to study AD with the character of multi-mechanism, multi-targets and multi-pathway. In order to disclose the mechanism of AD and find the drug targets of AD, cDNA microarray containing 3136 cDNAs amplified from the suppression subtracted cDNA library of hippocampus of SAMP8 and SAMR1 was prepared with 16 blocks and 14 x 14 pins, the housekeeping gene beta-actin and G3PDH as inner conference. The background of this microarray was low and unanimous, and dots divided evenly. The conditions of hybridization and washing were optimized during the hybridization of probe and target molecule. After the data of hybridization analysis, the differential expressed cDNAs were sequenced and analyzed by the bioinformatics, and some of genes were quantified by the real time RT-PCR and the reliability of this cDNA microarray were validated. This cDNA microarray may be the good means to select the differential expressed genes and disclose the molecular mechanism of SAMP8's brain aging and AD.